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	diff --git a/lib/open_api_spex.ex b/lib/open_api_spex.ex
	index bc0aae6..3e4522c 100644
	--- a/lib/open_api_spex.ex
	+++ b/lib/open_api_spex.ex
	@@ -1,135 +1,139 @@
	defmodule OpenApiSpex do
	@moduledoc """
	Provides the entry-points for defining schemas, validating and casting.
	"""

	- alias OpenApiSpex.{OpenApi, Operation, Operation2, Reference, Schema, SchemaResolver}
	+ alias OpenApiSpex.{CastError, OpenApi, Operation, Operation2, Reference, Schema, SchemaResolver}

	@doc """
	Adds schemas to the api spec from the modules specified in the Operations.

	Eg, if the response schema for an operation is defined with:

	responses: %{
	200 => Operation.response("User", "application/json", UserResponse)
	}

	Then the `UserResponse.schema()` function will be called to load the schema, and
	a `Reference` to the loaded schema will be used in the operation response.

	See `OpenApiSpex.schema` macro for a convenient syntax for defining schema modules.
	"""
	@spec resolve_schema_modules(OpenApi.t) :: OpenApi.t
	def resolve_schema_modules(spec = %OpenApi{}) do
	SchemaResolver.resolve_schema_modules(spec)
	end

	def cast_and_validate(
	spec = %OpenApi{},
	operation = %Operation{},
	conn = %Plug.Conn{},
	content_type \\ nil
	) do
	Operation2.cast(operation, conn, content_type, spec.components.schemas)
	end

	@doc """
	Cast params to conform to a `OpenApiSpex.Schema`.

	See `OpenApiSpex.Schema.cast/3` for additional examples and details.
	"""
	@spec cast(OpenApi.t, Schema.t \| Reference.t, any) :: {:ok, any} \| {:error, String.t}
	def cast(spec = %OpenApi{}, schema = %Schema{}, params) do
	Schema.cast(schema, params, spec.components.schemas)
	end
	def cast(spec = %OpenApi{}, schema = %Reference{}, params) do
	Schema.cast(schema, params, spec.components.schemas)
	end

	@doc """
	Cast all params in `Plug.Conn` to conform to the schemas for `OpenApiSpex.Operation`.

	Returns `{:ok, Plug.Conn.t}` with `params` and `body_params` fields updated if successful,
	or `{:error, reason}` if casting fails.

	`content_type` may optionally be supplied to select the `requestBody` schema.
	"""
	@spec cast(OpenApi.t, Operation.t, Plug.Conn.t, content_type \| nil) :: {:ok, Plug.Conn.t} \| {:error, String.t}
	when content_type: String.t
	def cast(spec = %OpenApi{}, operation = %Operation{}, conn = %Plug.Conn{}, content_type \\ nil) do
	Operation.cast(operation, conn, content_type, spec.components.schemas)
	end

	@doc """
	Validate params against `OpenApiSpex.Schema`.

	See `OpenApiSpex.Schema.validate/3` for examples of error messages.
	"""
	@spec validate(OpenApi.t, Schema.t \| Reference.t, any) :: :ok \| {:error, String.t}
	def validate(spec = %OpenApi{}, schema = %Schema{}, params) do
	Schema.validate(schema, params, spec.components.schemas)
	end
	def validate(spec = %OpenApi{}, schema = %Reference{}, params) do
	Schema.validate(schema, params, spec.components.schemas)
	end

	@doc """
	Validate all params in `Plug.Conn` against `OpenApiSpex.Operation` `parameter` and `requestBody` schemas.

	`content_type` may be optionally supplied to select the `requestBody` schema.
	"""
	@spec validate(OpenApi.t, Operation.t, Plug.Conn.t, content_type \| nil) :: :ok \| {:error, String.t}
	when content_type: String.t
	def validate(spec = %OpenApi{}, operation = %Operation{}, conn = %Plug.Conn{}, content_type \\ nil) do
	Operation.validate(operation, conn, content_type, spec.components.schemas)
	end

	+ def path_to_string(%CastError{} = error) do
	+ CastError.path_to_string(error)
	+ end
	+
	@doc """
	Declares a struct based `OpenApiSpex.Schema`

	- defines the schema/0 callback
	- ensures the schema is linked to the module by "x-struct" extension property
	- defines a struct with keys matching the schema properties
	- defines a @type `t` for the struct
	- derives a `Poison.Encoder` for the struct

	See `OpenApiSpex.Schema` for additional examples and details.

	## Example

	require OpenApiSpex

	defmodule User do
	OpenApiSpex.schema %{
	title: "User",
	description: "A user of the app",
	type: :object,
	properties: %{
	id: %Schema{type: :integer, description: "User ID"},
	name: %Schema{type: :string, description: "User name", pattern: ~r/[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]+/},
	email: %Schema{type: :string, description: "Email address", format: :email},
	inserted_at: %Schema{type: :string, description: "Creation timestamp", format: :'date-time'},
	updated_at: %Schema{type: :string, description: "Update timestamp", format: :'date-time'}
	},
	required: [:name, :email],
	example: %{
	"id" => 123,
	"name" => "Joe User",
	"email" => "joe@gmail.com",
	"inserted_at" => "2017-09-12T12:34:55Z",
	"updated_at" => "2017-09-13T10:11:12Z"
	}
	}
	end
	"""
	defmacro schema(body) do
	quote do
	@behaviour OpenApiSpex.Schema
	@schema struct(OpenApiSpex.Schema, Map.put(unquote(body), :"x-struct", __MODULE__))
	def schema, do: @schema
	@derive [Poison.Encoder]
	defstruct Schema.properties(@schema)
	@type t :: %__MODULE__{}
	end
	end
	end
	diff --git a/lib/open_api_spex/cast.ex b/lib/open_api_spex/cast.ex
	index 10b4f47..0b513ef 100644
	--- a/lib/open_api_spex/cast.ex
	+++ b/lib/open_api_spex/cast.ex
	@@ -1,41 +1,38 @@
	defmodule OpenApiSpex.Cast do
	alias OpenApiSpex.{CastArray, CastContext, CastObject, CastPrimitive, Reference}
	@primitives [:boolean, :integer, :number, :string]

	def cast(schema, value, schemas) do
	ctx = %CastContext{schema: schema, value: value, schemas: schemas}
	-
	- with {:error, [error \| _]} <- cast(ctx) do
	- {:error, to_string(error)}
	- end
	+ cast(ctx)
	end

	def cast(%CastContext{value: value, schema: nil}),
	do: {:ok, value}

	def cast(%CastContext{schema: %Reference{}} = ctx) do
	schema = Reference.resolve_schema(ctx.schema, ctx.schemas)
	cast(%{ctx \| schema: schema})
	end

	def cast(%CastContext{value: nil, schema: %{nullable: true}}) do
	{:ok, nil}
	end

	def cast(%CastContext{value: nil} = ctx) do
	CastContext.error(ctx, {:null_value})
	end

	# Specific types

	def cast(%CastContext{schema: %{type: type}} = ctx) when type in @primitives,
	do: CastPrimitive.cast(ctx)

	def cast(%CastContext{schema: %{type: :array}} = ctx),
	do: CastArray.cast(ctx)

	def cast(%CastContext{schema: %{type: :object}} = ctx),
	do: CastObject.cast(ctx)

	def cast(%{} = ctx), do: cast(struct(CastContext, ctx))
	end
	diff --git a/lib/open_api_spex/cast_error.ex b/lib/open_api_spex/cast_error.ex
	index 30e5800..10d7aaf 100644
	--- a/lib/open_api_spex/cast_error.ex
	+++ b/lib/open_api_spex/cast_error.ex
	@@ -1,95 +1,107 @@
	defmodule OpenApiSpex.CastError do
	alias OpenApiSpex.TermType

	defstruct reason: nil,
	value: nil,
	format: nil,
	type: nil,
	name: nil,
	path: []

	def new(ctx, {:null_value}) do
	type = ctx.schema && ctx.schema.type

	%__MODULE__{reason: :null_value, type: type}
	\|> add_context_fields(ctx)
	end

	def new(ctx, {:invalid_type, type}) do
	%__MODULE__{reason: :invalid_type, type: type}
	\|> add_context_fields(ctx)
	end

	def new(ctx, {:invalid_format, format}) do
	%__MODULE__{reason: :invalid_format, format: format}
	\|> add_context_fields(ctx)
	end

	def new(ctx, {:unexpected_field, name}) do
	%__MODULE__{reason: :unexpected_field, name: name}
	\|> add_context_fields(ctx)
	end

	def new(ctx, {:missing_field, name}) do
	%__MODULE__{reason: :missing_field, name: name}
	\|> add_context_fields(ctx)
	end

	- def message(%{reason: :null_value} = ctx) do
	+ def message(%{reason: :null_value} = error) do
	message =
	- case ctx.type do
	+ case error.type do
	nil -> "null value"
	type -> "null value where #{type} expected"
	end

	- prepend_path(message, ctx)
	+ message
	end

	- def message(%{reason: :invalid_type, type: type, value: value} = ctx) do
	- prepend_path("Invalid #{type}. Got: #{TermType.type(value)}", ctx)
	+ def message(%{reason: :invalid_type, type: type, value: value}) do
	+ "Invalid #{type}. Got: #{TermType.type(value)}"
	end

	- def message(%{reason: :polymorphic_failed, type: polymorphic_type} = ctx) do
	- prepend_path("Failed to cast to any schema in #{polymorphic_type}", ctx)
	+ def message(%{reason: :invalid_format, format: format}) do
	+ "Invalid format. Expected #{inspect(format)}"
	end

	- def message(%{reason: :unexpected_field, name: name} = ctx) do
	- prepend_path("Unexpected field: #{safe_string(name)}", ctx)
	+ def message(%{reason: :polymorphic_failed, type: polymorphic_type}) do
	+ "Failed to cast to any schema in #{polymorphic_type}"
	end

	- def message(%{reason: :no_value_required_for_discriminator, name: field} = ctx) do
	- prepend_path("No value for required disciminator property: #{field}", ctx)
	+ def message(%{reason: :unexpected_field, name: name}) do
	+ "Unexpected field: #{safe_string(name)}"
	end

	- def message(%{reason: :unknown_schema, name: name} = ctx) do
	- prepend_path("Unknown schema: #{name}", ctx)
	+ def message(%{reason: :no_value_required_for_discriminator, name: field}) do
	+ "No value for required disciminator property: #{field}"
	end

	- def message(%{reason: :missing_field, name: name} = ctx) do
	- prepend_path("Missing field: #{name}", ctx)
	+ def message(%{reason: :unknown_schema, name: name}) do
	+ "Unknown schema: #{name}"
	+ end
	+
	+ def message(%{reason: :missing_field, name: name}) do
	+ "Missing field: #{name}"
	+ end
	+
	+ def message_with_path(error) do
	+ prepend_path(error, message(error))
	+ end
	+
	+ def path_to_string(%{path: path} = _error) do
	+ "/" <> (path \|> Enum.map(&to_string/1) \|> Path.join())
	end

	defp add_context_fields(error, ctx) do
	%{error \| path: Enum.reverse(ctx.path), value: ctx.value}
	end

	- defp prepend_path(message, ctx) do
	+ defp prepend_path(error, message) do
	path =
	- case ctx.path do
	+ case error.path do
	[] -> "#"
	- _ -> "#/" <> (ctx.path \|> Enum.map(&to_string/1) \|> Path.join())
	+ _ -> "#" <> path_to_string(error)
	end

	path <> ": " <> message
	end

	defp safe_string(string) do
	- to_string(string) \|> String.slice(1..40)
	+ to_string(string) \|> String.slice(0..39)
	end
	end

	defimpl String.Chars, for: OpenApiSpex.CastError do
	def to_string(error) do
	OpenApiSpex.CastError.message(error)
	end
	end
	diff --git a/lib/open_api_spex/cast_object.ex b/lib/open_api_spex/cast_object.ex
	index 1f16155..28e17fa 100644
	--- a/lib/open_api_spex/cast_object.ex
	+++ b/lib/open_api_spex/cast_object.ex
	@@ -1,88 +1,88 @@
	defmodule OpenApiSpex.CastObject do
	@moduledoc false
	alias OpenApiSpex.{Cast, CastError, CastContext}

	def cast(%{value: value} = ctx) when not is_map(value) do
	CastContext.error(ctx, {:invalid_type, :object})
	end

	def cast(%{value: value, schema: %{properties: nil}}) do
	{:ok, value}
	end

	def cast(%{value: value, schema: schema} = ctx) do
	schema_properties = schema.properties \|\| %{}

	with :ok <- check_unrecognized_properties(ctx, schema_properties),
	value <- cast_atom_keys(value, schema_properties),
	ctx = %{ctx \| value: value},
	:ok <- check_required_fields(ctx, schema),
	:ok <- cast_properties(%{ctx \| schema: schema_properties}) do
	{:ok, value}
	end
	end

	defp check_unrecognized_properties(%{value: value} = ctx, expected_keys) do
	input_keys = value \|> Map.keys() \|> Enum.map(&to_string/1)
	schema_keys = expected_keys \|> Map.keys() \|> Enum.map(&to_string/1)
	extra_keys = input_keys -- schema_keys

	if extra_keys == [] do
	:ok
	else
	[name \| _] = extra_keys
	CastContext.error(ctx, {:unexpected_field, name})
	end
	end

	defp check_required_fields(%{value: input_map} = ctx, schema) do
	required = schema.required \|\| []
	input_keys = Map.keys(input_map)
	missing_keys = required -- input_keys

	if missing_keys == [] do
	:ok
	else
	errors =
	Enum.map(missing_keys, fn key ->
	ctx = %{ctx \| path: [key \| ctx.path]}
	CastError.new(ctx, {:missing_field, key})
	end)

	- {:error, errors ++ ctx.errors}
	+ {:error, ctx.errors ++ errors}
	end
	end

	defp cast_atom_keys(input_map, properties) do
	Enum.reduce(properties, %{}, fn {key, _}, output ->
	string_key = to_string(key)

	case input_map do
	%{^key => value} -> Map.put(output, key, value)
	%{^string_key => value} -> Map.put(output, key, value)
	_ -> output
	end
	end)
	end

	defp cast_properties(%{value: object, schema: schema_properties} = ctx) do
	Enum.reduce(object, {:ok, %{}}, fn
	{key, value}, {:ok, output} ->
	cast_property(%{ctx \| key: key, value: value, schema: schema_properties}, output)

	_, error ->
	error
	end)
	end

	defp cast_property(%{key: key, schema: schema_properties} = ctx, output) do
	prop_schema = Map.get(schema_properties, key)
	path = [key \| ctx.path]

	with {:error, errors} <- Cast.cast(%{ctx \| path: path, schema: prop_schema}) do
	{:error, errors}
	else
	{:ok, value} -> {:ok, Map.put(output, key, value)}
	end
	end
	end
	diff --git a/test/cast_test.exs b/test/cast_test.exs
	index f2fe9fa..4b6f90b 100644
	--- a/test/cast_test.exs
	+++ b/test/cast_test.exs
	@@ -1,183 +1,183 @@
	defmodule OpenApiSpec.CastTest do
	use ExUnit.Case
	alias OpenApiSpex.{Cast, CastContext, CastError, Reference, Schema}

	def cast(ctx), do: Cast.cast(struct(CastContext, ctx))

	describe "cast/3" do
	# Note: full tests for primitives are covered in CastPrimitiveTest
	test "primitives" do
	tests = [
	{:string, "1", :ok},
	{:string, "", :ok},
	{:string, true, :invalid},
	{:string, nil, :invalid},
	{:integer, 1, :ok},
	{:integer, "1", :ok},
	{:integer, %{}, :invalid},
	{:integer, nil, :invalid},
	{:array, nil, :invalid},
	{:object, nil, :invalid}
	]

	for {type, input, expected} <- tests do
	case expected do
	:ok -> assert {:ok, _} = cast(value: input, schema: %Schema{type: type})
	:invalid -> assert {:error, _} = cast(value: input, schema: %Schema{type: type})
	end
	end
	end

	test "array type, nullable, given nil" do
	schema = %Schema{type: :array, nullable: true}
	assert {:ok, nil} = cast(value: nil, schema: schema)
	end

	test "array type, given nil" do
	schema = %Schema{type: :array}
	assert {:error, [error]} = cast(value: nil, schema: schema)
	assert error.reason == :null_value
	- assert to_string(error) == "#: null value where array expected"
	+ assert CastError.message_with_path(error) == "#: null value where array expected"
	end

	test "array" do
	schema = %Schema{type: :array}
	assert cast(value: [], schema: schema) == {:ok, []}
	assert cast(value: [1, 2, 3], schema: schema) == {:ok, [1, 2, 3]}
	assert cast(value: ["1", "2", "3"], schema: schema) == {:ok, ["1", "2", "3"]}

	assert {:error, [error]} = cast(value: %{}, schema: schema)
	assert %CastError{} = error
	assert error.reason == :invalid_type
	assert error.value == %{}
	end

	test "array with items schema" do
	items_schema = %Schema{type: :integer}
	schema = %Schema{type: :array, items: items_schema}
	assert cast(value: [], schema: schema) == {:ok, []}
	assert cast(value: [1, 2, 3], schema: schema) == {:ok, [1, 2, 3]}
	assert cast(value: ["1", "2", "3"], schema: schema) == {:ok, [1, 2, 3]}

	assert {:error, errors} = cast(value: [1, "two"], schema: schema)
	assert [%CastError{} = error] = errors
	assert error.reason == :invalid_type
	assert error.value == "two"
	assert error.path == [1]
	end

	# Additional object tests found in CastObjectTest
	test "object with schema properties set, given known input property" do
	schema = %Schema{
	type: :object,
	properties: %{age: nil}
	}

	assert cast(value: %{}, schema: schema) == {:ok, %{}}
	assert cast(value: %{"age" => "hello"}, schema: schema) == {:ok, %{age: "hello"}}
	end

	test "reference" do
	age_schema = %Schema{type: :integer}

	assert cast(
	value: "20",
	schema: %Reference{"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Age"},
	schemas: %{"Age" => age_schema}
	) == {:ok, 20}
	end

	test "reference nested in object" do
	age_schema = %Schema{type: :integer}

	schema = %Schema{
	type: :object,
	properties: %{
	age: %Reference{"$ref": "#/components/schemas/Age"}
	}
	}

	assert cast(
	value: %{"age" => "20"},
	schema: schema,
	schemas: %{"Age" => age_schema}
	) == {:ok, %{age: 20}}
	end

	test "paths" do
	schema = %Schema{
	type: :object,
	properties: %{
	age: %Schema{type: :integer}
	}
	}

	assert {:error, errors} = cast(value: %{"age" => "twenty"}, schema: schema)
	assert [error] = errors
	assert %CastError{} = error
	assert error.path == [:age]
	end

	test "nested paths" do
	schema = %Schema{
	type: :object,
	properties: %{
	data: %Schema{
	type: :object,
	properties: %{
	age: %Schema{type: :integer}
	}
	}
	}
	}

	assert {:error, errors} = cast(value: %{"data" => %{"age" => "twenty"}}, schema: schema)
	assert [error] = errors
	assert %CastError{} = error
	assert error.path == [:data, :age]
	- assert to_string(error) == "#/data/age: Invalid integer. Got: string"
	+ assert CastError.message_with_path(error) == "#/data/age: Invalid integer. Got: string"
	end

	test "paths involving arrays" do
	schema = %Schema{
	type: :object,
	properties: %{
	data: %Schema{
	type: :array,
	items: %Schema{
	type: :object,
	properties: %{
	age: %Schema{type: :integer}
	}
	}
	}
	}
	}

	assert {:error, errors} =
	cast(value: %{"data" => [%{"age" => "20"}, %{"age" => "twenty"}]}, schema: schema)

	assert [error] = errors
	assert %CastError{} = error
	assert error.path == [:data, 1, :age]
	- assert to_string(error) == "#/data/1/age: Invalid integer. Got: string"
	+ assert CastError.message_with_path(error) == "#/data/1/age: Invalid integer. Got: string"
	end

	test "multiple errors" do
	schema = %Schema{
	type: :array,
	items: %Schema{type: :integer}
	}

	value = [1, "two", 3, "four"]
	assert {:error, errors} = cast(value: value, schema: schema)
	assert [error, error2] = errors
	assert %CastError{} = error
	assert error.reason == :invalid_type
	assert error.path == [1]
	- assert to_string(error) == "#/1: Invalid integer. Got: string"
	+ assert CastError.message_with_path(error) == "#/1: Invalid integer. Got: string"

	- assert to_string(error2) == "#/3: Invalid integer. Got: string"
	+ assert CastError.message_with_path(error2) == "#/3: Invalid integer. Got: string"
	end
	end
	end

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